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Paper available at: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/1912

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  • Texas Instruments combined an ARM Cortex-M4 and an IEEE802.15.4 radio on a single IC, and a separate MEMS BAW (Bulk Acoustic Wave) oscillator.

  • Similarly, Wiser et al. build a prototype Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio which uses a thin-Film Bulk Acoustic wave Resonator (FBAR) as a replacement for a crystal oscillator.

  • The Single Chip micro-Mote, or SCµM, is a true crystal-free chip taped out in 2019 by the authors of this paper. It is a 2×3 mm2 single-chip crystal-free mote-on-chip which contains an ARM Cortex-M0 micro-controller, a 2.4 GHz IEEE802.15.4 radio, and an optical receiver for optical programming.

  • The Michigan Micro Mote (3M) partly realizes that vision known as “world’s smallest computer”. However, none of the 3M versions are standards-compliant, i.e., they cannot communicate with off-the-shelf radios.

  • The authors showed a calibration algorithm to tune the oscillators on SCµM so it can send and receive
    frames to the OpenMote, a popular off-the-shelf IEEE802.15.4 mote built around the CC2538 chip.

Highlights

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  • Using the 6TiSCH protocol, all communication is secured, and the Constrained Join Protocol (CoJP) is used by a node to securely join a network, through mutual authentication between the network and the joining node.

  • OpenWSN is the reference open-source implementation of 6TiSCH.

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  • The port of OpenWSN on SCµM does not come with link-layer security, nor secure joining. This is because this version of SCµM does not come with an AES-128 cipher.

New terms

  • TSCH (Time Synchronized Channel Hopping) is a channel access method for shared-medium networks. It is used by Low-Power devices to communicate using a wireless link. It is designed for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) and aims at providing a reliable Media access control layer. TSCH can be seen as a combination of Time division multiple access and Frequency-division multiple access mechanisms as it uses diversity in time and frequency to provide reliability to the upper network layers.

  • IEEE 802.15.4is a technical standard based on TSCH which defines the operation of a low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN).

  • 6TiSCH is the latest standardization based on TSCH.

  • OpenMote is a popular off-the-shelf IEEE802.15.4 mote built around the CC2538 chip.

  • CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is a specialized Internet application protocol for constrained devices, as defined in RFC 7252. It enables those constrained devices called "nodes" to communicate with the wider Internet using similar protocols.

  • RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) is a routing protocol for wireless networks with low power consumption and generally susceptible to packet loss. It is a proactive protocol based on distance vectors and operates on IEEE 802.15.4, optimized for multi-hop and many-to-one communication, but also supports one-to-one messages.

  • ASC (Automatic Squelch Control) is a function used to reduce background noise when there is no communication. It is an adjustment which must be made precisely and repeated frequently in order to avoid reducing the reception capacities of the radio.

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