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Trends in the design of RFID tags and sensors

Prof. Smail Tedjini

Agenda

• INTRODUCTION & HISTORICAL FACTS

• BACKSCATTER SYSTEM : RFID

• CONVENTIONAL RFID TAGS

• TAG ANTENNA DESIGN

• RFID CHIP CHOICE

• RFID COMMUNICATION SIGNALS : REGULATIONS

• TAG DESIGN & SELECTED EXAMPLES

• AUGMENTED RFID TAGS

  • SENSING TAGS

  • HARMONIC COMMUNICATION

  • HARVESTING TAG

• CHIPLESS RFID SOLUTIONS

• CONCLUDING REMARKS

Highlights

RFID tags are based on ultra high frequency bands.

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• measuring the displacement based on the change of phase

• symbols and texts as RFID tags

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• Barcode tag: RFID+QR at the same time

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New Directions in RFID Reader and Tag Design

Prof. Nicolas Bardot

Designing a RFID reader starts by buying a RFID module (100 euros in avg)

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Integrated circuits and architectures for Industrial IoT applications: communication aspects

Prof. Sergio Saponara

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The frequencies that cannot be used for free, are those who need a service provider and an infrastructure like in cellular communication. However Bluetooth in a free service.

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• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

  • pros: simple

  • cons: not power efficient, susceptible to attenuation

• On-Off Keying

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  • pros: simple, lower-power comsumption

  • cons: lack of synchronization

• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

  • pros: less susceptible to noise (the envelope is constant)

  • cons: require larger bandwidth

• Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

  • pros: less susceptible to noise, bandwidth efficient

  • cons: requires synchronization in frequency and phase → complicated transmitter and receiver

  • used by IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee

• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

  • mix of phase and amplitude modulation

  • pros: bandwidth effiecient

  • cons: non constant envelope → complex scheme

  • Baud: transmitted symbol, 1 Baud may include multiple bits

→ The optimal solution depends on the application

Spread Spectrum:

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  Data sent using Spread Spectrum is intentionally spread over a wide frequency range, Since it appears as noise, the signal is difficult to detect and jam. Thanks to spread spectrum the communication is resistant to noise and interference thus increasing the probability that the signal will be received correctly. Moreover, it is unlike to have interference with other signals.   

• 2 types of Spread Spectrum techniques are common in ISM bands: direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS).

• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

  • each bit represented by multiple bits using spreading code

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the frequency of the radar does not depend on the technology fabrication but on the length

all analog parts of the design depend on the wavelength and not on the fabrication process

when multiple amplifiers are cascaded, the noise figure is mainly determined by the first amplifier

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